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Many biases take their name fairly obviously from their definition. Identify the name of the biases related to the following definitions:
Question 1
Which bias is being described:
When only the results that favour a give outcome are used, and those that don’t are suppressed. [If you want to ‘prove’ a coin is biases towards heads, undertake hundred samples of coin tosses each with a hundred tosses. Then present only the sample which included the most head tosses and apply a statistical significance test to ‘prove’ that the result was highly unlikely to occur unless the coin was biased.]
Self Assessment:
Question 2
Which bias is being described:
When our attitudes or beliefs change we tend to alter our memories to be consistent with our changed attitudes or beliefs.
Self Assessment:
Question 3
Which bias is being described:
When people overestimate probabilities based on the fact that they can bring particular examples to mind.
Self Assessment:
Question 4
Which bias is being described:
Given two rewards, people show a preference for the one expected to arrive sooner rather than the one expected to arrive later, even if the one arriving later is worth more. We ‘discount’ the value of the later reward; the more so the longer the delay. Of course this assumes the later reward is not significantly disproportionate to the earlier reward.
Self Assessment:
Question 5
Which bias is being described:
When something that has recently come to our attention then appears to be everywhere.
Self Assessment:
Question 6
Which bias is being described:
Our tendency to be overconfident in our judgments. For example over 90% of drivers rate themselves as better than average. People who were 100% confident in their spelling of certain words were in fact only right 80% of the time. Most people are overconfident in their ability to accurately assess risks.
Self Assessment:
Question 7
Which bias is being described:
Where more recent information tends to push out older information, and thus we are more likely to be influenced by it.
Self Assessment:
Question 8
Which bias is being described:
To someone who appreciates wine, a more expensive wine will actually taste better to them because they expect more expensive wines to taste better.
Self Assessment:
Cognitive Biases -> Matching Names to Definitions: Scoring